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Jules Ferry
Jules François Camille Ferry (; 5 April 183217 March 1893) was a French statesman and republican. He was a promoter of laicism and colonial expansion.〔''A History of Western Society'', Seventh Edition. John Buckler, Bennett D. Hill, John P. McKay〕
== Early life ==
Born in Saint-Dié, in the Vosges department, France, he studied law, and was called to the bar at Paris in 1854, but soon went into politics, contributing to various newspapers, particularly to ''Le Temps''. He attacked the Second French Empire with great violence, directing his opposition especially against Baron Haussmann, prefect of the Seine department. A series of his articles in ''Le Temps'' was later republished as ''The Fantastic Tales of Haussmann'' (1868).〔 Elected republican deputy for Paris in 1869, he protested against the declaration of war with Germany, and on 6 September 1870 was appointed prefect of the Seine by the Government of National Defense.
In this position he had the difficult task of administering Paris during the siege, and after the Paris Commune was obliged to resign (5 June 1871). From 1872 to 1873 he was sent by Adolphe Thiers as minister to Athens, but returned to the chamber as deputy for the Vosges, and became one of the leaders of the republican party. When the first republican ministry was formed under W. H. Waddington on 4 February 1879, he was one of its members, and continued in the ministry until 30 March 1885, except for two short interruptions (from 10 November 1881 to 30 January 1882, and from 29 July 1882 to 21 February 1883), first as minister of education and then as minister of foreign affairs. A leader of the Opportunist Republicans faction, he was twice premier (1880–1881 and 1883–1885).〔 He was an active Freemason initiated on July 8, 1875, in "La Clémante amitiée" lodge in Paris the same day as Émile Littré.〔''Histoire de la Franc-Maçonnerie française'' (Pierre Chevallier - ed. Fayard - 1974)〕〔''Dictionnaire universelle de la Franc-Maçonnerie'' (Marc de Jode, Monique Cara and Jean-Marc Cara, ed. Larousse, 2011)〕〔Encyclopédie de la Franc-Maçonnerie (ed. Livre de Poche, 2000)〕〔''Dictionnaire de la Franc-Maçonnerie'' (Daniel Ligou, Presses Universitaires de France, 2006)〕〔''Jules Ferry'' (Jean-Michel Gaillard, ed. Fayard, 1989)〕 He became a member of the "Alsace-Lorraine" Lodge founded in Paris in 1782.〔Denslow, William R. and Harry S. Truman, (10,000 ''Famous Freemasons from A to J Part One'' ), p. 44, Kessinger Publishing, 2004〕
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